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Diversity refers to all of the ways in which people differ, including primary characteristics, such as age, race, gender, ethnicity, mental and physical abilities, and sexual orientation; and secondary characteristics, such as nationality, education, income, religion, work experience, language skills, geographic location, family status, These objects of religious experience are mind-dependent, in that they depend for their existence, in part, on people with certain religious backgrounds. Though not true, doctrines such as the Trinity or the Incarnation, he argues, may be interpreted to have mythological truth, that is, a tendency to influence people towards getting what Hick postulates is the cure offered by the religions, the ethical transformation described above. An ethnic group refers to people who are closely related to each other through characteristics such as culture, language, and religion. 3. The degree of religious diversity in the US is also reflected in Americans' core social networks. (Stenmark 2009) He does not advocate this view, but explores it as an alternative to exclusivism, inclusivism, and Hickian identist pluralism. John Cobbs Whiteheadian Complementary Pluralism., Hasker, William. It is a mistake, he now holds, to suppose that the personae (that is, Vishnu, Yahweh, Allah, and so on) are angel-like selves. (McDermott and Netland 2014) Other Protestants choose forms of inclusivism similar to Rahners (see 4b below). In the second, even a virtuous pagan might be a church member. Judaism is . (Sharma 1990) This modern Hindu outlook has proven difficult to formulate in any clear way. Dissenters are found among historians of religion, who deny that there is and has always been a common core in all of the worlds religions. It is not Reasonable to Believe that Only One Religion is True., Cohn-Sherbok, Dan. al. Religion and religion diversity are expressed by believers to cause strong opinions and emotions in all environments. The Global Religious Landscape | Pew Research Center 4. Facts and Theories of Religious Diversity, Abe, Masao. Most religions are theistic in the sense that they posit the existence of a personal Supreme Being (God) or set of personal deities, although within some belief systems normally labeled religionsfor example, Buddhismthere is no belief in such a being. However, he thought that it is arbitrary and indefensible to hold that only ones own experiences or the experiences of those in ones group are veridical, while those of people in other religions are not. Protected characteristics | Equality and Human Rights Commission This is an inclusivist view about getting the cure, and about central religious truths. U. S. A. This naive pluralism is refuted by accurate information on religious differences. 2013, 268-72) Third, religions differ in how much, if at all, they make empirically verifiable claims, so it is unclear that all religions will be equal in making meaningless claims. Thus, Christian exclusivists usually allow that those who die as babies, the severely mentally handicapped, or friends of God who lived before Christian times may avoid hell and attain heaven despite their not being fully-fledged, believing and practicing Christians. State University of New York at Fredonia Reimagining Religion: The 10 Qualities of Creative Communities This view was affirmed by Pope Pius X (r. 1846-78) in his Singulari Quadam (1854): outside the Apostolic Roman Church no one can be savedOn the other handthose who live in ignorance of the true religion, if such ignorance be invincible, are not subject to any guilt in this matter before the eyes of the Lord. (Neuner and Dupuis 2001, 311). Protestant versions of exclusivism can be at least as strict as Augustines. Attending a culturally diverse institute of education will prepare students for their future in a workplace. (Dupuis 2001, 86-9), However, what about Jews, pagans, unbaptized babies, or people who never have a chance to hear the Christian message? If the core is salvifically effective practice, then all will be equal in that each is equally well a means to obtaining the cure. Particularly central to any religions teaching are its diagnosis of the fundamental problem facing human beings and its suggested cure, a way to positively and permanently resolve this problem. Such a person is outside of the tradition, yet obtains the cure taught by the tradition. : a critical examination of some formulations of the Neo-Hindu position., Smith, Huston. This study examines the spatial characteristics of the development of the global religious diversity index . Roughly, pluralistic approaches to religious diversity say that, within bounds, one religion is as good as any other. (Prothero 2010). Spiritual and Religious Diversity Religious and spiritual beliefs can be a personal determinant of enablement. It is not hard to find religions or religious cults which would not plausibly be thought of as good in the way(s) that a pluralist has in mind. Keywords: nation-state, religious diversity, social life, global conflicts, peace building. (For others see Hick 2004, Introduction.). Even God, the greatest concrete, actual being in this philosophy is, in the end, an all-encompassing unity of experience, and is to be understood as a process of Creative-Responsive love. (Griffin 2005b; Cooper 2006, ch. RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY. Finally, inclusivist theories try to steer a middle course by agreeing with exclusivism that one religion has the most value while also agreeing with pluralism that others still have significant religious value. The following are the characteristics of diversity: Linguistic Diversity Regional Diversity Religious Diversity Linguistic Diversity Still other Catholic theologians have found these moves to be positive but not nearly different enough from the more pessimistic sort of exclusivism. (Long 2005) The slogan may also imply that all religions feature veridical experience of that one object, by way of a non-cognitive, immediate awareness. (Griffin 2005a) They do, however, take seriously at least many of the unusual religious experiences people report. Morales, Frank [Sri Dharma Pravartaka Acharya]. This unified consistency may be hoped for in terms of truth, or in terms of practice. But others teach that the ultimate reality is a perfect self, a being capable of knowledge, will, and intentional action. Further, it respects and does not try to eliminate all these differences, and so makes genuine dialogue between members of the religions possible. Catholics are exhorted to patient, friendly dialogue with members of other religions. How DIVERSE Are the Religions? - Religion 101 A common strategy here is to simply ignore disreputable religious traditions, only discussing the prestigious ones. (Burton 2010). At bare minimum, the slogan that all religions are true means that all religions are in some way directed towards one Truth, where this is understood as an ultimate reality. Here we can survey only a few of the criticisms that have been made. al. Yet other religious mystics perceive the Cosmos, that is, the totality of finite things (the body of the World Soul). Thus, Augustine of Hippo (354-430) and Fulgentius of Ruspe (468-533) interpreted the slogan as implying that all non-Christians are damned, because they bear the guilt of original sin stemming from the sin of Adam, which has not been as it were washed away by baptism. (OConnor 1999) This exclusivism is compatible with both exclusivism and inclusivism in this article. Hick doesnt argue for the salvific or cure-delivering equality of all religions. (Heim 1995, 163) This is consistent with the Christian thinking that the end pursued by Christians is in fact better than all others; thus, heaven is better than Nirvana. Definition of the Religion as a Form of Diversity Essay - Free Essays An increasingly prominent and potentially contentious phenomenon, religious diversity is intimately associated with contemporary issues such as migration, human rights, social cohesion, socio-cultural pluralisation, political jurisdiction, globalisation, and reactionary . They hypothesize that some religious mystics really do perceive (without using ordinary sense organs) some ultimate (that is, something regarded as ultimate). Religious Diversity in the Workplace: Definition & Laws These, Hick holds, are all mistaken; the Ultimate reality is neither personal nor impersonal. These three Creativity, God, Cosmos are such that none could exist without the others. Letters by Pius XII (r. 1939-58) declared that a by an unconscious desire and longing non-Catholics may enjoy a saving relationship with the church. Such theologians, prominently Hans Kng (b. Insofar as they in good conscience practice what is good in their religion, people in other religions receive Gods grace and are anonymous Christians, people who are being saved through Christ, though they do not realize it. A plurality of different religions, major and minor, exist in the world, each believing different things. (Legenhausen 2002) Those who believe the ultimate reality to be a unique god object to Smiths view that the ultimate reality is ineffable, and so not, in itself, a god. A typical Rabbinic view is that although non-Jews may be reconciled to God, and thus gain life in the world to come, by keeping a lesser covenant which God has made with them, still Jews enjoy a better covenant with God. As to religious diversity, Abe suggests that we view the dynamic activity Emptiness (also called Openness) as ultimate, and as manifesting as various Gods, that is various monotheistic deities, and Lords, which are human religious teachers, whether manifestations of a god, as in the case of Jesus, or just pre-eminent servants of a god, as with Moses or Muhammad. In all these ways, they argue that their ultimist pluralism is superior to other pluralisms. sexual orientation. Starting as a traditional, non-pluralistic Christian, Hick attended religious meetings and studied with people of other religions. 2) He was what we now call a pluralistic Hindu (and most Hindus would add that he was also an unorthodox Hindu). The tradition now called Hinduism is and always has been very internally diverse. And how can the ultimist pluralist demand such changes? Thus, in experiencing what they call Emptiness or the Dharmakaya (truth body), Mahayana Buddhists really do perceive what Cobb calls Creativity (or Being Itself), as do Advaita Vedanta Hindus when they perceive Nirguna Brahman (Brahman without qualities). On the Plurality of Religious Pluralisms., Long, Jeffery D. Anekanta Vedanta: Towards a Deep Hindu Religious Pluralism., Long, Jeffery D. Universalism in Hinduism., Mawson, T.J. Byrnes religious pluralism., Meeker, Kevin. The second part contains answers to questions linked to the treatment of differences in religious education in Croatia and characteristics of teachers that can be linked to this theme. The various planes are not distinct from it, and it is the ultimate object of all desire, and the deepest reality within each human self. OConnor, Timothy. No Wasted Journey: A Theological Autobiography., Stenmark, Mikael. His theory is at least superficially clear, and is rooted in his own spiritual journey. In the Decree for the Copts of the General Council of Florence (1442), a papal bull issued by pope Eugene IV (r. 1431-47), for the first time in an official Roman Catholic doctrinal document the slogan was asserted not only with respect to heretics and schismatics, but also concerning Jews and pagans. A Cross-cultural and Buddhist-Friendly Interpretation of the Typology Exclusivism-Inclusivism-Pluralism., Griffin, David Ray. Some forms of naive pluralism suppose that all religions will turn out to be complementary. In their view, those who confess experience of Emptiness, Nirguna Brahman, or the One (of Neoplatonism) behold the ultimate reality (Creativity) as it really is, in contrast to monotheists or cosmos-focused religionists, who latch on to what are limited aspects of Creativity. On the other hand, others seem to make little or no sense outside the context of the home religion, and others are simply incompatible. The most and least racially diverse U.S. religious groups Diversity and discrimination Religion is a system of beliefs and moral norms that serve as spiritual guide for the human being; the mythology that composes them and their main characteristics vary between culture and culture. Heim suggests that we should instead assume that other religions both pursue and achieve real and distinct religious salvations (goals or ends). Griffin and Cobb seem to attribute the deepest insight to those who think the ultimate reality is an impersonal, indescribable non-thing. Religious diversity - differences within and between religious groups in a society - has re-entered the sociology of religion in new and powerful ways. Religion and Sexual Behaviors: Understanding the Influence of Islamic Most people understand that the religious landscape is a very diverse place. Exclusivism, Inclusivism, Pluralism: The Tripolar Typology Clarified and Reaffirmed., Sharma, Arvind. How could a perfect being fail to be available to all people in all the religions? Swedish philosopher Mikael Stenmark explores what he calls the some-are-equally-right view about religious diversity, and discusses a version of it on which Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are held to possess equal amounts of religiously important truths. Finally, Cobb and Griffin emphasize that this approach does not endorse any unreasonable form of relativism and, as such, allows one to remain distinctively Christian or Buddhist and so forth. Social scientists have conceived of diversity in a variety of ways, including the degree to which a society is split into distinct groups; minority group size (in share and/or absolute number); minority group influence (the degree to which multiple groups are visible and influential in civil society); and group dominance (the degree to which one They can also influence components of enablement. For instance, some religions teach that the ultimate reality (the most real, only real, or primary thing) is ineffable (such that no human concept can apply to it). Religious Pluralism: Generic, Identist, Deep., Griffin, David Ray. Religious Diversity and Change in American Social Networks: How Our As a result, he became convinced that basically the same thing was going on with these others religious followers as with Christians, namely, people responding in culturally conditioned but transformative ways to one and the same Real or Ultimate Reality. It attracted widespread discussion and criticism, and Hick has engaged in a spirited debate with all comers. al. (Yandell 2013), Again, it has been objected that Hick, contrary to many religions, downgrades religious practice and belief as inessential to a religion, the only important features of a religion being that it is a response to the Ultimate Reality and that it fosters the ethical transformation noted above. In contrast, each of the various religions claims to have discerned the one fundamental problem facing humans, namely, the problem from which other problems derive. For example, both Christians and Buddhists have adopted religious-diversity-celebrating rhetoric while clearly denying anything described above in this article as a kind of pluralism about religious diversity. Religious Diversity - World Atlas of Global Issues - Sciences Po (Dupuis 2000, 91-2). What sense, for instance, would it make for a Zen Buddhist to undergo the Catholic rites of confession and penance? Characteristics of cultural diversity : Multiplicity of cultures Each worldview is the product of the individual development of a people. Some practices seem compatible, such as church attendance and mindfulness meditation. Physical appearance becomes a way of allowing particular groups of people to feel that they are . Asians have a lower homeownership rate than the U.S. public overall (59% vs. 64%). Recently called restrictivism, this position insists that explicit knowledge of the gospel of Jesus Christ is necessary for salvation, and there is no hope for those who die without having heard the gospel. The Epistemological Challenge of Religious Pluralism., Ignatius of Antioch, The Letter of Ignatius to the Philadelphians, in, King, Nathan. Cultivating Awareness of Religious and Spiritual Diversity (Peterson et. Finally, because of their fit with many traditional religious beliefs and commitments, sometimes exclusivism and inclusivism are considered as two varieties of confessionalism, views on which one religion istrue andwe must view other religions in the light of that fact. (Byrne 2004, 203). Religion and Rights in a Diverse, Multicultural Community (b. This position cannot be self-consistently maintained. In other contexts, religious pluralism is a normative principle requiring that peoples of all or most religions should be treated the same. A core pluralist claims that all religions of some kind share a common core, and that this is really what matters about the religions; their equal value is found in this common core. This was a polemic against non-Mahayana versions of Buddhist dharma (teaching). How can a Theravada Buddhists accept that such a heavenly next life is a good and final end for non-Buddhists? However, they nearly always have at least one criterion for excluding religions as inferior in the aspect(s) they focus on. Others dissent because they accept the incompatible diagnosis and cure taught by some other religion, such as the ones found in Islam or Christianity. When employees feel that they are valued and that their contributions are . Characteristically Religious Feelings Awe, a sense of mystery, a sense of guilt, and adoration are "religious feelings" which tend to be aroused in religious believers when they come in the presence of sacred objects, in sacred places, and during the practice of sacred rituals. It is a mistake, Abe holds, to regard any god as ultimate, and monotheists must revise their understanding as above, if true inter-religious dialogue and peace are to be achievable. It is impossible that all three experiences are veridical. The historical Buddha, the man Gautama is, in this doctrine, a Transformation Body (or Apparitional Body, Nirmanakaya) of one of these, as are other Buddhas in time and space. In the first case, a person who is killed in an accident on her way to be baptized would nonetheless be in the church. Water baptism, from the beginning, had been the initiation rite into Christianity, but it was still unclear what church membership strictly required. Colour includes, for example, being black or white. The term exclusivist was originally a polemical term, chosen in part for its negative connotations. While this trichotomy is sometimes thought of in terms of general attitudes that a religious person may have towards other religionsapproximately the attitudes of rejection, limited openness, and wide acceptance respectivelyin this article they figure as theories concerning the facts of religious diversity. The gods and lords will stay at the provisional levels of truth and reality, the levels which a fully enlightened person, as it were, sees beyond. (Hick 1995, ch. Thus Christians, for example, imagine that in prayer they interact with the ultimate, a monotheistic god, but in fact they interact with angels, and perhaps different Christians with different angels. (Datta 2005; Morales 2008) It has been argued that whether and how a Hindu embraces a theory of religious pluralism will depend crucially on what she takes Hinduism to be. Other Buddhists experience Amida Buddha, while Christians experience Christ, and Jews Yahweh, Hindus Isvara, and Muslims Allah. Religion, Politics and Society. Diversity, Divisions, Religion, Caste (Netland 2001, 23-54) Theories of religious diversity have largely been driven by attacks on and defenses of such claims, and discussions continue within the realm of Christian theology. (Krkkinen 2003, 197-204, 309-17). The Religious Diversity Index is divided into four ranges: very high (the top 5% of scores), high (the next highest 15% of scores, which works out to 16% because of tie scores), moderate (the next 20% of scores) and low (the bottom 59% of scores). The impetus for this change was fueled by statements from that council (their Latin titles: Lumen Gentium, Ad Gentes, Nostra Aetate, Gaudium et Spes, Heilsoptimismus), which are in various ways positive towards non-Catholics. Perhaps these are the angels, devas, and heavenly Buddhas of the religions, great but nonetheless finite beings. Later theologians added a baptism of desire, which was either a desire to be baptized or the inclination to form such a desire, either way enough to secure saving membership in the church. The Characteristics of Religious Education Teachers and Respecting Legenhausen, Hajj Muhammad [Gary Carl] Why I am not a Traditionalist. 2002. If, for example, in his view Allah, Vishnu, and Yahweh are all real and distinct, is Hick thereby committed to polytheism? pregnancy and maternity. 7). And secondly, we have all the different: Experiences Talents Skills Opinions Personalities These differences, for example employees' talents, are less obvious and require the organization's effort and proactiveness to shine. Research on religious diversity has found that when the percentage of a dominant religion and religious diversity are both included, the proportion of the dominant religion is an arithmetic component of the religious diversity measure (Chaves and Gorski 2001; Olson 1999), resulting in a misspecified model. 1933) and English convert to Islam, Martin Lings (1909-2005) who was a biographer of Muhammad. Buddhism has long been very doctrinally diverse, and many schools of Buddhism argue that theirs is the truest teaching or the best practice, while other versions of the dharma are less true or less conducive to getting the cure, and have now been superseded. But doesnt Christian tradition demand that each person eventually either achieves fellowship or union with God, or is irrevocably damned? Still, given that Muhammad is the seal of the prophets, his teachings and practices should, and some day will supersede all previous ones. Appropriating Hindu, Buddhist, and Christian language, Smith says that this spirit is the Atman that is Brahman, the Buddha-nature that appears when our finite selves get out of its way, my istigkeit (is-ness) whichwe see is Gods is-ness. (Smith 2003 ch. It is far from clear that Heim is correct that this stance will be consistent with the claims of the home religion. Some authors, usually ones who wish to celebrate these facts, call them religious pluralism, but this entry reserves this label for a family of theories about the facts of religious diversity. Equally, Advaita Vedanta Hindus must let go of their insistence on Nirguna Brahman as ultimate. But some had always held on to theories about ways into the church other than water baptism, and since the European discovery of the New World it had become clear that the gospel had not been preached to the whole world, and many held that such pagans were non-culpably ignorant of the gospel. Diversity Guide - Religion and Belief - Equality and Diversity Diversity of religion and spiritual beliefs - Racism. No Way! The following was edited from Brie Loskota's opening remarks at Reimagining Religion: A Conversation about the Future of Religion, held at University of Southern California on February 9, 2017.. We are in a period of flux, a period of rapid and continuous change, where the old order is being torn down, where people are disaffiliating from groups, and where institutional life is being . These ideas, and the fact that religious belief is strongly correlated with birthplace, convinced him that the facts of religious diversity pose irresolvable problems for any exclusivist or inclusivist view, leaving only some form of pluralism as a viable option. Immigrant Asians were slightly more likely than U.S.-born Asians to be homeowners in 2019 (60% vs. 56%). Many religious claims will be logically incompatible with the accepted diagnosis, and many religious practices will be useless or counter-productive when it comes to getting what one believes to be the cure. RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY. More Empathy A common form of negative pluralism may be called verificationist pluralism. This is the view that all religious claims are meaningless, and as a result are incapable of rational evaluation. (Dupuis 2000, 161-5) Some Catholic theologians have seen the seeds or even the basic elements of inclusivism in these statements, while others view them as within the orbit of a suitably articulated exclusivism. 2013, 333) For instance, if Theravada Buddhism is correct that humans are trapped in the cycle of rebirth by craving and ignorance, even if one goes to a heavenly realm upon death, such as envisaged by non-Buddhist religions, one is still trapped in samsara, in this realm of suffering, albeit at a higher tier.

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