sacred plants of the cherokeewhen will pa vote on senate bill 350 2021

Cherokees began keeping and breeding horses circa 1720, and by the mid-1700s they were growing apples from Europe, black-eyed peas from Africa, and sweet potatoes from the Caribbean. 507 Pettigru St Links to other websites are provided for your convenience and those other sites are owned by third parties. The Three Sisters were staples in the Cherokee dietcorn, beans and squash. plants and a medicine priest (didahnewisgi) might know as many as 800 useful plants. 2009. A number of winter dances, for example, featured masked dancers symbolizing visitors from distance places. In response to American expansionism, groups of Cherokee began emigrating to Arkansas Territory as early as 1810. Two years later Gideon Blackburn, a Presbyterian, arrived among the Cherokee, followed by the Baptists of Georgia in 1815. http://www.library.appstate.edu, Henry, Jeannette, Helen Redbird-Selam, Mary Nelson, and Rupert Cost, eds., Index to Literature on the American Indian. 16. Their name came from the river, Rio Yaqui, along which they lived. They no longer had access to their sacred places, and many of their elders, the carriers and purveyors of ritual knowledge, had died on the march. The Cherokee descended from indigenous peoples who originally occupied the southern Appalachian Mountains region in North America, starting around 8000 B.C. Encyclopedia of Religion. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Western Carolina University. Sacred Plants Cedar, pine, spruce, laurel and holly trees are among the most important plants in Cherokee medicine and ceremonies. 20. In very small doses it has been thought to be tonic.". same clan as that was disgraceful (not only to them but their clan as well) considered incest and punishable by death. The White Path is the path of peace and the Red Path is the path of victory or war. The American Indian in Graduate Studies: A Bibliography of Theses and Dissertations. Much of the information of the past has been reported by outsiders of the tribe, as a result of observation, and, at times, through interviews with Cherokee healers. The Medicine Wheel, sometimes known as the Sacred Hoop, has been used by generations of various Native American tribes for health and healing. J. Swantons works on Creeks and Choctaws are found in 42d Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, from 1922 to 28. Nashville, TN: Charles Elder Bookseller Publisher, 1972. Down where there are 1,000 graves on the land, she says. The church is the place where Cherokee can gather for communal feasts, share stories, and hear the language spoken and sung. 27 Apr. Thus, one who has been fortunate in obtaining goods would share those goods with others less fortunate. The bruised leaf is bound over the spot and frequently removed. All rights reserved. Maternal and paternal grandfather's clan marriage may have been encouraged. The submitted varieties predate European settlement, and they include Cherokee White Eagle Corn, which is considered sacred by the tribe. Indeed, the Cherokee name for cornseluis also the name of the First Woman in Cherokee creation stories. The appearance of the other plant, Camptosorus rhizophyllus, has evidently determined its Cherokee name and the use to which it is applied. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, approximately 281,060 people identify as being of Cherokee descent, and 260,000 of . WNCLN Online Resources. But only the shaman or medicine man would handle such wood. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 1983. They danced to protect themselves from malevolent people and to prevent disease. Web Design :: Asheville, NC. The Cherokee town of Chota once stood on this site in eastern Tennessee, seen in September, until American troops destroyed it in 1780 during the Revolutionary War. Protestant churches, especially Baptist churches, also continue to be an important part of Cherokee religious life. Perdue, Theda. Garrett, J. T. Medicine of the Cherokee: The Way of Right Relationship. 1. Decoctions of two other species of this genus are mentioned as used by country people for chest and bowel diseases, and for hemorrhages, bruises, ulcers, etc., although "probably possessing little medicinal virtue.". Inside South Africas skeleton trade. Red leaders (young warriors) and White leaders (elders) sat opposite each other during council meetings, and Beloved women had special seats within the council chamber. During this festival, there was a dance, where women wore their turtle shells, formed a circle with the men in a single file and moved counter-clockwise in a circle. Plants are. Edited by Jack Frederick Kilpatrick. Hamel and Chiltoskey, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses. The idea for the seed bank. ." "Cherokee Religious Traditions The Cherokee people, who endured forced removal from their ancestral lands which encompassed the region that is now Upstate South Carolina and much of the Southeast, had a sacred bond with this lush and abundant land. Ball game. Z1209 I53 1970, Proquest, Ethnic News Watch. To save chestnut trees, we may have to play God, Why you should add native plants to your garden, What you can do right now to advocate for the planet, Why poison ivy is an unlikely climate change winner. Healing practices of the Cherokee are a blend of ritual and medicinal plants. Our ancestors spirits are there., Kituwah, known as the Mother Town, is considered the place of origin for the Cherokee people. None of the other three species are named. This tall plant, often growing to 4-6 feet, blossoms in purple bursts in late August and early September. By the 1820s, due to the influence of the encroaching European immigrant culture, many Cherokee abandoned their traditional towns and were living in family groups in log cabins along streams and river valleys. How this animal can survive is a mystery. On an autumn drive in the Upstate, youre likely to spot Joe-pye weed growing on the roadside. Athens, Ga., 1994. http://www.library.appstate.edu, Appalachian Journal. Andre Seale/VW PICS/Universal Images Group via Getty Images, Tohono Oodham Nation and the Saguaro National Park, Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. POPULATION: 200,000500,000 Visitors to Cherokee will discover many of these plants in the gardens of the Oconaluftee Indian Village. RS171.G375 2003, Hamel, Paul B; Chiltoskey, Mary U. Cherokee Plants: And Their Uses a 400 Year History. ASU W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection. This book is actually a secondary work and does not provide citations for the hundreds of traditional medicinal plants the authors include, thus requiring a critical assessment of their list. Though parts of the plant are poisonous, Mayapple rhizomes were used to treat a cough or stomachache in humans, and in a tea concoction to deter pests from recently planted corn. Dispensatory: Not named. It depends. Last week, about 50 years after the river became federal land, the Cherokee received formal permission to gather those plants just as some of their ancestors did, thanks to an agreement between the tribe and the National Park Service. Those Cherokee who marched west endured hunger, extreme cold, inadequate clothing and shelter, and sickness. Oukay, Emperor of Tsalagi. (Pgs. An employee at the National Park Service came up with the idea for such a pact around 2014 and worked with researchers at the University of Arizona to propose the agreement to the Cherokee, said Clint Carroll, a Cherokee citizen and an ethnic studies professor at the University of Colorado Boulder. Cherokee gospel-singing is popular, and large tents filled to overflowing with audiences gathered to hear Cherokee gospel songs can be seen at the annual Oklahoma Cherokee festival held on Labor Day weekend. 77, pp.179213. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). C. officinale "has been used as a demulcent and sedative in coughs, catarrh, spitting of blood, dysentery, and diarrhea, and has been also applied externally in bums, ulcers, scrofulous tumors and goiter.". Rio Yaqui most likely meant chief river., POPULATION 1,123,605 My Pollinator Paradise Garden in Pittsboro has over 225 different species of plants. The Cherokee originally occupied territory now comprising Tennessee and parts of Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. This is an ethnographic description of Cherokee shamanistic practice. Only one ancient account mentions the existence of Xerxes Canal, long thought to be a tall tale. The Cherokee have documented some of their sacred formulas and ceremonies in written form using the Cherokee syllabary developed by Sequoyah. The smoke of the fire carries prayers upward. Cherokee healers are valued as much as Western doctors by many Christian and traditional Cherokee. Within the past twenty years, other Cherokee have begun documenting the healing rituals in English; however, some rituals are still considered secret and sacred and only shared orally with tribe healers. Those who dream of snakes drink a decoction of this herb and I'nat Ga'n`ka = "snake tongue"--(Camptosorus rhizophyllus or Walking Fern) to produce vomiting, after which the dreams do not return. Cherokee/Appalachian Literature and Other Resource Materials. Cherokee society was also organized on the basis of either the White or the Red Path. T.N. Dispensatory--Not named. In 1985, Eastern and Western Cherokee reunited at Red Clay in Tennessee. 5. It is possible that one or two of these seven plants have medical properties, but this can hardly be true of a larger number unless we are disposed to believe that the Indians. ASU W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection. 8. Today, they comprise the largest Native American group in the United States. Elderberry continues to be used today, commonly in syrup, to boost the immune system and treat the common cold. Ten months later another Cherokee man told of receiving a vision in which the Provider expressed displeasure that whites had built a house on a sacred hill and that the Cherokee people were no longer expressing thanks for the fruits of the land. The Kingdom of S, Cherokee Indian Cases Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 5 Peters 1 (1831) Worcester v. Georgia 6 Peters 515 (1832), Chernyshevskii, Nikolai Gavrilovich (18281889), Cherry Lane Music Publishing Company, Inc, https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/cherokee-religious-traditions, North American Indians: Indians of the Plains, North American Indians: Indians of the Southwest, North American Indians: Indians of the Northeast Woodlands, North American Indians: Indians of the Southeast Woodlands, North American [Indian] Religions: An Overview, Rites of Passage: North American Indian Rites. Such control afforded women an important place in the economic, political, and religious life of the Cherokee, which depended, in great part, upon the production of corn. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. The Swimmer Manuscript: Cherokee Sacred Formulas and Medicinal Prescriptions. The Cherokee reinforce amiable relations by sharing their time and material goods with each other. That does not always mean, however, that the tribespeople used it pre- and post-removal. ASU W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection. Cherokee Medicine in earlier years consisted of formulas such as plants and other natural substances as helpers. The Green Corn ceremony marked a time of purification and renewal of individuals and society. In February 1811, three Cherokeea man and two womenhad a vision in which the Provider, the Supreme Being, warned the Cherokee to return to their former way of life and to rid themselves of the trappings of white society. You are about to remove all destinations from your itinerary. Cherokee villages were surrounded by vast cornfields while gardens were planted beside rivers and streams. Redbird Smith turned to medicine people and their sacred formulas (ritual prayers) to access traditional Cherokee knowledge. Thomas, Robert. Dockstader, Frederick J. Jenny Anzelmo-Sarles, a spokeswoman for the National Park Service, said that the Cherokees agreement with the agency to gather plants along what is now Buffalo National River had been in effect since November 2019, but the signing ceremony happened only last week because of delays caused by the pandemic. Keep reading, and find the top 15 medicinal herbs that have been used by Cherokee healers for hundreds, if not thousands, of years. Feverwort. Cherokee Women: Gender and Culture Change, 17001835. The results obtained from a careful study of this list maybe summarized as follows: Of the twenty plants described as used by the Cherokees, seven (Nos. (April 27, 2023). U'GA-ATASGI'SK = "the pus oozes out"--Euphorbia hypericifolia--Milkweed: Juice rubbed on for skin eruptions, especially on children's heads; also used as a purgative; decoction drunk for gonorrha and similar diseases in both sexes, and held in high estimation for this purpose; juice used as an ointment for sores and for sore nipples, and in connection with other herbs for cancer. Under the new agreement, Cherokee citizens can gather plants along the river if they register with the tribe, which will then notify the National Park Service, Mr. Harsha said. 2, 4, 5, 13, 15, 17, and 20) are not noticed in the Dispensatory even in the list of plants sometimes used although regarded as not officinal. Themes However, the date of retrieval is often important. 17. The reservation in Oklahoma is not the Cherokees original homeland, but the tribe has built a connection to the land over the last two centuries, Dr. Carroll said. Communal feasts reflective of the Green Corn Dances of earlier times promote ideals of sharing and reciprocity. The reasons weren't well known. Here are two links to spread sheets I created of medicinal plants used by the Five Tribes: Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Muscogees (Creeks) and Seminoles. Cherokee women were the primary farmers. SWAZI TRADITIONAL RELIGION 33 percent Even though the land was still owned communally, the Cherokee practiced a type of subsistence agriculture on small farms usually ranging in size from two to ten acres. Los Angeles: American Indian Culture and Research Center, University of California. Medicinal Plants and 14. To ease the pain during childbirth and speed the delivery process, Blue Cohosh root was used in a tea. Yuchi Bibliography of Native North Americans. Dispensatory: Not named. ), What Those who Have Been to War Did to Help Themselves, This Concerns the Ball Play--To Take Them to Water With it. Wampum belts, White Drink, tobacco, fire, and doctoring remain strong elements of Cherokee ceremonial life. Copyright 2023 Appalachian State University. Cherokee Medicine in earlier years consisted of formulas such as plants and other natural substances as helpers. Name ALTSA'STI = "a wreath for the head"--Vicia Caroliniana--Vetch: Decoction drunk for dyspepsia and pains in the back, and rubbed on stomach for cramp; also rubbed on ball-players after scratching, to render their muscles tough, and used in the same way after scratching in the disease referred to under nnage'i, in which one side becomes black in spots, with partial paralysis; also used in same manner in decoction with Ksduta for rheumatism; considered one of their most valuable medicinal herbs. "The name refers to the red juice which comes out of the stalk when bruised or chewed. It is also used in decoction for fever. Cedar is especially associated with prayer, healing, dreams, and protection against disease. LANGUAGE: Spanis, Leslie Marmon Silko Sap from the root creates a rich, red dye traditionally used for baskets, clothing, and body paint, hence the common name Bloodroot. The reservation is about a three-hour drive from Buffalo National River in Arkansas, she said. Cherokee name: amditt tana. Dispensatory: Described as "an efficient and safe cathartic, most conveniently given in the form of infusion. In 1801 the Moravians, or United Brethren, established a mission at Springplace, Georgia. Dispensatory: Not named. Fo, Yaqui Plants used by Cherokee healers include blackberry, black gum, hummingbird blossoms, cattail, greenbriar, mint, mullein, sumac, wild ginger, wild rose, yarrow, and yellow dock. Renewal involved restoration of harmony through forgiveness of wrongs and reconciliation of differences. Today, they comprise the largest Native American group in the United States. But archaeology is confirming that Persia's engineering triumph was real. This is called the Pidgeon Dance. Lincoln, Neb., 1998. A number of books about Cherokee agricultural traditions and herbal healing are offered for sale at the Museum of the Cherokee Indian. Two of these seven plants, however (Nos. Academic OneFile. A clan was given at birth (through your mother) and kept a lifetime. 9. Historically members of this clan were known as gatherer's or keepers of the land. CHEROKEE RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS . It grows about a foot tall and flowers in early summer. The eighteenth century, an era of tumultuous change for the Cherokee, witnessed the rise of several religious movements. The natural substances included water as sacred in healing, ashes from certain woody trees, minerals from shells and certain rocks from the ground, and nature's gifts such as a bee's wing. One-quarter of those removed, or approximately 4,000 Cherokee, died on what became known as the Trail of Tears. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, 1940; Dan Moermans Ethnobotany Database at: http://herb.umd.umich.edu/ is a compilation of all these sources but does not stipulate if these are eastern or western plants. Encyclopedia.com. From a similar connection of ideas the root is also used in the preparation of love charms. Formal Ceremonial pipes used by the clans used Red or Grey pipestone (also called bluestone) and pipe stems made from hollow stems of American Sassafrass or some cases, Sourwood. The following year the two groups met in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, again reuniting relatives who had been separated since the removal of 1838. It is one of 25 known mounds in western, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. The other plant is not named. The Green Corn ceremony, the most important ceremony among the Cherokee, celebrated the harvesting of corn in late July or August. destinations. Parts of the plant have been used by Cherokee people to soothe stomach cramps, nervousness, toothaches, and to treat kidney issues and high fevers. Vanilla's origins date back to Mesoamerican cultures, where it . The sacred teachings of the Cherokee appear to confirm that the things Dr. Narby was told and that he experienced himself are part of a pattern that stretches well beyond the specific peoples and areas he was studying, and may indeed be characteristic of surviving shamanic cultures. Stomp dances are held primarily during the summer season. ASU W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection. 7. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. The traders buy large quantities of liverwort from the Cherokees, who may thus have learned to esteem it more highly than they otherwise would. Cherokee Nation Members Can Now Gather Plants on National Park Land A new agreement between the tribe and the National Park Service allows Cherokee citizens to collect plants with cultural. During the Green Corn ceremony and other ceremonials the Cherokee drew upon elements from the Above and Below World to purify and renew themselves and This World. We thought we knew turtles. A Bibliography of Tennessee Anthropology, Including Cherokee, Chickasaw, and Melungeon Studies. Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees. When not flowering, it can be confused with poison ivy. The men also purified themselves with White Drink, commonly referred to as Black Drink by Euro-Americans because of its dark color. The Cherokee syllabary also enabled translations of the New Testament, hymnbooks, and other religious works in the Cherokee language, thus facilitating missionary work. Who buys lion bones? UNASTE'TSTY = "very small root "--Aristolochia serpentaria--Virginia or black snakeroot: Decoction of root blown upon patient for fever and feverish head ache, and drunk for coughs; root chewed and spit upon wound to cure snake bites; bruised root placed in hollow tooth for toothache, and held against nose made sore by constant blowing in colds. They reinforce harmony among themselves through acts of reciprocity and redistribution, of giving to others. G'NGWAL'SK = "It becomes discolored when bruised"--Scutellaria lateriflora--Skullcap. GN1 .S54 v.2, no.6, Mooney, James. 2:6 (1970): 83-125. By 1813, only a single Cherokee household remained. Characters The council also met during the Green Corn ceremony to consider national interests for the coming year. 2023 Blue Ridge National Heritage Area :: Hiking in North Carolina State Parks & Forests, Gather Round the Blue Ridge Annual Meeting, https://www.blueridgeheritage.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/LT-CHEROKEE-AG-3.mp3, Website by Integritive Inc. Dispensatory: Not named. Historically, plants were used not only as food and sustenance, but also for medicine, clothing, and art. Cherokee name: tyast. K'GA SK'nTAG = "crow shin"--Adiantum pedatum--Maidenhair Fern: Used either in decoction or poultice for rheumatism and chills, generally in connection with some other fern. Z1209.2.U52 A67 1994. "Myths of the Cherokee" was originally published as the Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 18971898, pp. ASU Appalachian Collection. Encyclopedia of Religion. Balance was maintained during wartime through a division of responsibility based on council status, gender, and age. Common name: Joe-pye weed In the late 1830s, the Cherokee were forced, along with four other tribes in the Southeast, to move west along what is now called the Trail of Tears, according to the National Park Service and the Cherokee Nation. The Dictionary of Sacred and Magical Plants. Dispensatory: "One of our best indigenous astringents. The Cherokee have documented some of their sacred formulas and ceremonies in written form using the Cherokee syllabary developed by Sequoyah. Visitors to Cherokee will discover many of these plants in the gardens of the Oconaluftee Indian Village. The Cherokee closely guard the methods they use to turn plants into medicines or supplies or food, Dr. Carroll said, because the techniques have been exploited and ridiculed by outsiders. This year, they will distribute a record 10,000 seed packets. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 1992. However, it is not unusual to find Cherokee who are participants in both Christian churches and traditional stomp grounds. Wahnenauhi [Lucy L. Keys]. love spells, hunting rituals, weather spells, Amy Walker, 79, gets emotional each time she drives from her home in Cherokee, North Carolina, to Kituwah, a sacred site just seven miles outside of town, to tend to her four-acre garden.. ], 3. DA'YEW = "it sews itself up," because the leaves are said to grow together again when torn--Cacalia atriplicifolia--Tassel Flower: Held in great repute as a poultice for cuts, bruises, and cancer, to draw out the blood or poisonous matter. The agreement will be in effect for five years and can be renewed. Subject specific bibliographic sources are virtually nonexistent, but there are those, and journals, specific to the other topics previously listed. Through use of medical knowledge, seven sacred wampum belts, and the clan system, Redbird Smith taught the Cherokee the way of the White Path. Parts of the plant have been used by Cherokee people to soothe stomach cramps, nervousness, toothaches, and to treat kidney issues and high fevers. According to the U.S. Department of Agricultures (http://plants.usda.gov/java/) and Oklahoma Biological Surveys (http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/) plant distributional data, that plant does not appear in Oklahoma. Wood, T. B., and Bache, F.: Dispensatory of the United States of America, 14th ed., Philadelphia, 1877. The Cherokees sell large quantities of sang to the traders for 50 cents per pound, nearly equivalent there to two days' wages, a fact which has doubtless increased their idea of its importance. http://www.library.appstate.edu, America: History and Life. Cherokee traditional knowledge that has previously been omitted is now being centred in research and management partnerships for culturally significant plants. This diversity is helpful because the body size of stem-nesting bees ranges from 3-25 mm (1/10-1 inch) depending on the species. 11. this includes the actual text of the rituals to treat various diseases, Its stem, leaves, and flower are toxic, but the root of tyast was cooked and used as a vegetable or dough ingredient. Redbird Smith and his followers formed their own organization, known as the Nighthawk Keetoowahs. The first was between the Tohono Oodham Nation and the Saguaro National Park in Arizona in 2018, and the second was in 2019 with the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Scientific name: Sambucus canadensis Other than testimonies of modern tribal doctors and those found in the Indian and Pioneer Histories (at Oklahoma Historical Society and online through the Western History Collections at OU), few primary sources exist on the subject of the Tribes medicinal plant usage and these are written by non-Indians who either observed or interviewed tribal healers. Author Biography The most well-known beloved Cherokee woman is Nancy Ward, a Supreme Beloved Woman, who protected American captives and military personnel as well as Cherokee during the American Revolution. Kilpatrick, Jack Frederick, and Anna Gritts Kilpatrick. Herald Pub. The Cherokee also use tobacco in their rituals to disseminate the power of their thoughts. Carney, Ginny. Does eating close to bedtime make you gain weight? 10. A, E. 1900. Would you like to add these destinations to your itinerary or replace your itinerary? KSD'TA = "simulating ashes," so called on account of the appearance of the leaves--Gnaphalium decurrens--Life everlasting: Decoction drunk for colds; also used in the sweat bath for various diseases and considered one of their most valuable medical plants. Dispensatory: "Liverwort is a very mild demulcent tonic and astringent, supposed by some to possess diuretic and deobstruent virtues. This is a list of species and genera that are used as entheogens or are used in an entheogenic concoction (such as ayahuasca ). The sacred formulas here given are selected from a collection of about six hundred, obtained on the Cherokee reservation in North Carolina in 1887 and 1888, and covering every subject pertaining to the daily life and thought of the Indian, including medicine, love, hunting, fishing, war, self-protection, destruction of enemies, witchcraft, Each of the seven clans also has a sacred wood. This includes trees, shrubs, herbaceous perennials, vines, and grasses of all different sizes. are better informed in this regard than the best educated white physicians in the country. Character of the Formulas--The Cherokee Religion, Theory of Disease--Animals, Ghosts, Witches, The Sweat Bath-Bleeding--Rubbing--Bathing, Ceremonies for Gathering Plants and Preparing Medicine, The Cherokee Gods and Their Abiding Places, Formula for Treating the Crippler (Rheumatism), And This Also is for Treating the Crippler, This is to Treat Them if They are Bitten by a Snake, To Treat Them When Something is Causing Something to Eat Them, This Tells About Moving Pains in the Teeth (Neuralgia? In response to changes brought about by contact with Europeans and, later, Americans, Cherokee people struggled with issues surrounding acculturation to Euro-American ways and retention of indigenous cultural characteristics. A new discovery raises a mystery. Under the new agreement, Cherokee citizens can gather plants along the river if they register with the tribe, which will then notify the National Park Service, Mr. Harsha said. Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees, (from the 19th and 7th Annual Reports B. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. What I have attempted to find out is, which plants grew only in the southeast, or were found only in Indian Territory, or grew in both locales? The dry powdered leaf was formerly used to sprinkle over food like salt. Women wash their hair in decoction of its roots to prevent its breaking or falling out, because these roots are very tough and hard to break; from the same idea ball-players rub the decoction on their limbs after scratching, to toughen them. According to Cherokee belief, the power to create resides in thought, and tobacco that has been made efficacious through thoughts that have been spoken or sung is, in turn, burned during rituals for protection or curing. The Cherokee would soak the plants roots in cold water to be used as a cough medicine, while the powdered dried root could be used as a snuff for mucus congestion. A'HAW' AK'T'--"deer eye," from the appearance of the flower-Rudbeckia fulgida--Cone Flower: Decoction of root drunk for flux and for some private diseases; also used as a wash for snakebites and swellings caused by (mythic) tsgya or worms; also dropped into weak or inflamed eyes. It was formerly used in Europe in various complaints, especially chronic hepatic affections, but has fallen into entire neglect.

Dreams Onyx Access To Breathless, Michael Wincott Interview, Articles S