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Marinid Sultanate (1244-1465) [ edit] Wattasid Sultanate (1472-1554) [ edit] Saadi Sultanate (1510-1659) [ edit] Alaouite Sultanate (1668-1912) [ edit] Kingdom of Morocco (1956-present) [ edit] References [ edit] ^ Mrini, Driss; Alaoui, Ismal (1997). North African standoff: How the Western Sahara conflict is - ECFR Especially since Algiers first, followed by Rabat, has been engaged in an arms race Russian for Algeria, Western for Morocco for the past fifteen years, which has not had the virtue of creating a more fraternal atmosphere between the two countries. Egypt even began sending troops and defense hardware in late October to bolster the Algerian military. The borders around this region were loosely defined. Even in regions where Ben Bella's regime remained deeply unpopular, such as Kabylie, the population offered to take up arms against the Moroccan invaders. Moreover, Morocco is one of the Unions main partners throughout the Mediterranean. Relations between arch-enemies Morocco and Algeria have hit a new low after three Algerian truck drivers were killed on Monday. [16], The French 19th Army Corps' Oran and Algiers divisions fought the At Khabbash, a fraction of the At Ounbgui khams of the At Atta confederation. In reality, Morocco, playing on its Arab and Muslim membership on the one hand the Sherifian monarch being legitimate on the religious level acts as the EUs good pupil in the Maghreb by adhering to its principles and maintaining cordial relations with European countries. November 2020 unleashed pandora's box following the military intervention in Guerguerat and Washington's recognition of Rabat's sovereignty over Western Sahara. The Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Morocco to the United Nations in New York, Omar Hilale on July 15, 2021, presented Algerias support for the self-determination of the Western Sahara region as hypocritical, in the face of Algeria denying similar rights to its Kabyle people. In the 1890s, the French administration and military called for the annexation of the Tuat region. Algerians, who are generally not very receptive to the bellicose rhetoric of the two regimes, did not appreciate the December 2020 restoration of diplomatic relations between Morocco and Israel in exchange for Donald Trumps recognition of Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara. "Morocco is in a difficult position where it needs to repair its relationship with the EU at the moment, and particularly now it wants to complete that process so it can focus its diplomatic efforts on the situation with Algeria. Algiers is therefore calling for action by the major powers, particularly those with a seat on the UN Security Council, to enforce the law in this crisis. Andrew Wells-Dang on U.S.-Vietnam Ties 50 Years After the Paris Peace Accords. All major international players are calling on both countries to find a peaceful solution to the crisis, including a pragmatic and definitive political solution to the situation in Western Sahara based on the proposal for advanced autonomy for the region under international guarantees. For Mediterranean and Atlantic leaders, it wants to be the bridge of communication, information and understanding between cultures. The desire to adopt the European model is such that Morocco even went so far as to apply for membership in the European Union in 1984. [4] In case of war or state of siege, an additional force of 150,000 Reservists[citation needed] and paramilitary forces, including 24,000 regulars of the Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie and 30,000 Auxiliary Forces come under the Ministry of Defense command.. About Morocco Army Arabic :The Royal Moroccan Army (Arabic: ) . 215 195 20 . Factbox: Western Sahara, an old conflict on the verge of explosion Britain formally established a protectorate over Egypt in 1914. However, the "sources" are anonymous, which leaves a certain amount of uncertainty. Welcome to the next big thing; WhoWouldWinAFight.com (WWWAF.com), the best online resource for determining - once and for all - who would win in a fight. The Moroccan kingdoms proactive approach to diplomacy within African institutions has led, in a little over a year, several African countries to open consulates in Western Sahara. Complete the form and download, for free, the highlights from The Africa Reports Exclusive Ranking of Africas top 200 banks from last year. Morocco and Algeria: The Widening Gap Between Two Neighbours By Justine Peries On Mar 22, 2022 Algeria's decision to cut diplomatic ties with Morocco in October 2021 has led to fears of a conflict between the two countries that would have dire consequences for the entire Maghreb region. The Algerian Prosecutors Office has opened an investigation to shed light on the materiality and extent of these crimes that threaten international peace and security, as well as human security, according to the official statement from Algiers. In this regard, after his election, the President of the Republic Abdelmadjid Tebboune said that the authentic blessed Hirak movement has saved Algeria from a real catastrophe, which almost caused the collapse of the State, stressing that the recent demonstrations have unknown organizers and were no longer unified in terms of ideas, demands or slogans.. Fresh Dispute Erupts Between Spain and Morocco Over Western - VOA Beyond the vast opportunity manifest in African markets, we highlight people who make a difference; leaders turning the tide, youth driving change, and an indefatigable business community. [39], The ceasefire was almost jeopardized on November 1, when Algerian troops assaulted a village near Figuig and positioned themselves against the town's airport. Morocco-Algeria relations: What fuels the escalation? - DW Non- profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.================Chapters :0:00 Primary Information01:16 Land Power02:48 Air Power04:14 Naval Power05:15 End Attention These results are not 100% accurate. The Africa Report takes an in-depth look at the forces involved. [40] However, a Malian officer arrived on November 4 and enforced the Bamako Accord, ending the hostilities. [23] Terms of this agreement included a reaffirmation of the previously established borders in Algeria's favor and restoration of the status quo. Click the link in that email to complete registration so you can comment. [17] The conflict ended with the annexation of the Touat-Gourara-Tidikelt complex by France in 1901.[18]. [31] This prompted further attempts at negotiations, but these proved ineffectual as well. Western Sahara is an integral part of Morocco for Rabat. Tensions between Algeria and Morocco have never been as tense in 45 years. Who Wins Wars? | HuffPost Latest News Will Algeria and Morocco go to war, and who will win? - Quora In the eyes of the Algerian regime, there is the blessed Hirak, the one that put an end to the mafia-like excesses of the presidency of Abdelaziz Bouteflika (1999-2019), and the cursed Hirak, the one that demands a change of regime and which would be supported according to the Algerian military regime by Imperialist-Zionist forces. Known Issues High idle power has situationally been observed when using select high-resolution and high refresh rate displays on Radeon RX 7000 series GPUs. [28], Morocco's armed forces were smaller, but comparatively well-equipped and frequently took advantage of their superior firepower on the battlefield. Since the evacuation in mid-November by Moroccan forces of the Guerguerat crossing, blocked for several weeks by Sahrawi independence fighters, it is again, if one is to believe the latter, war between Rabat and the Polisario. Here are the most prominent tensions between the two countries over the past decades: Algeria and Morocco confronted each other militarily over a border dispute in the so-called Sand War in October 1963 following Algerias independence on July 5, 1962. The Algerian and Moroccan militaries rank second and fifth in Africa, respectively, and shell out dizzying sums to acquire the latest equipment. The two countries have a common border and share the same language, religion, and culture. In this video, I have compared the air and naval forces of both countries with you================ Arabic : . Tensions between Algeria and Morocco were at their highest this past summer. While Tebboune has been upfront that his country would go to war with Morocco, both experts believe that there is actually little reason to fear an armed conflict at the moment. [8] About 57 Moroccans and 379 Algerians were taken prisoner. o War is the ultimate instrument for the defence of the country's strategic interests, which include national security and the country's projection as an international actor. It must be said that Rabat, seeking a counter-fire to Algiers support for the Polisario, the independence movement of Western Sahara, crossed a red line in mid-July by distributing, via its diplomatic representative in New York, a report evoking the right to self-determination of the Kabyle people. But regional instabilities, in Libya and the Sahel in particular, are putting a lot of pressure on both countries, and are also contributing to the escalation of tensions. However, Algeria considers that the Sahrawi people should be able to gain independence and has supported the Polisario Front since 1975 when Spain ceased to exercise its autonomy over the region after years of colonization. For Rabat, it is a matter of defending the integrity of its territory. Although Rabat is more open to dialogue than its neighbour Algiers, mediation is at a standstill. Their last conflict ended in 1769. Allied Military Operations in North Africa | Holocaust Encyclopedia Answer (1 of 8): As ArgentineI would advise two neighboring nations such as Morocco and Algeria NOT to go to war. [20] The discovery of large deposits of oil and minerals (iron, manganese) in the region led France to define more precisely the territories, and in 1952 the French decided to integrate Tindouf and Colomb-Bechar to the French departments of Algeria. READ MORE Morocco/Algeria : Tensions on the rise after Algerian show mocks the King. And that the careers of Algerian and Moroccan security officials, some of whom were recently appointed, are marked by the Sahrawi question and therefore by antagonism with the neighbor. The Algerian government expressed its deep concern on this issue, considering these actions as an inadmissible systematic violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms which also constitutes a flagrant violation of the principles and norms governing international relations, and automatically attacked Morocco without any substantial evidence: Algeria expresses its deep concern over the revelations made by a consortium of several media bodies with a high professional reputation and revealing the widespread use by the authorities of some countries, and notably Morocco, of a spyware called Pegasus to spyon Algerian officials and citizens, as well as journalists and human rights defenders worldwide.. This resulted in the deaths of hundreds of Algeria's ill-equipped. Reduced to these realistic proportions, such a policy may seem feasible. Wake up to the essential with the Editor's picks. The Moroccan ambassador to the UN, Omar Hilale, in a note addressed to the members of the conference, seems to have crossed the Rubicon in the eyes of Algeria by declaring that he is in favor of the self-determination of the valiant Kabyle people, the Tamazight-speaking Algerian minority. [40], The OAU mediated a formal peace treaty on February 20, 1964. So, it is quite a risky position to take.". It was also notable for ushering in the first multinational peacekeeping mission carried out by the Organisation of African Unity. On the Moroccan side, Rabat denied such baseless allegations and declared that it has undertaken to sue the consortium behind the investigation for defamation before the criminal court in Paris. "There might be some effort to whip up support domestically and to try and create an enemy which therefore empowers the Algerian elite and the regime again. [23] Morocco finally abandoned all claims to Algerian territory in 1972 with the Accord of Ifrane, though Morocco refused to ratify the agreement until 1989.[43]. The Algerian government is taking this case particularly seriously since it is firmly opposed to any desire for independence from Kabylia, an Amazigh/ Berber-speaking region in northeast Algeria. The Moroccan consul in the western Algerian city of Oran called Algeria an enemy country, prompting the Algerian foreign ministry to summon the Moroccan ambassador and to declare the implicated diplomat persona non grata. Morocco and Algeria: will there be war in 2022? Morocco condemned provocative acts and transgressions at the opening of a regional football tournament in Algeria, at which the grandson of Nelson Mandela made a speech and called for Western Sahara to be free. But if the myth of a united Maghreb is still alive, it no longer covers the same realities. It was, therefore, disinclined to support Morocco's historical claims to Tindouf and Bechar or the concept of a Greater Morocco. Dubbed North Africa's new 'Cold War', the tensions between Morocco and neighboring Algeria threaten to escalate and the consequences of this have a lot more to do with Western meddling in the affairs of the two countries than meets the eye. Each has its own plan that is working and is not hindered by its rival. However, while the countries are similar in many areas, the political anchoring is different between Morocco and Algeria. Clearly, neither Algeria nor Morocco wants an open conflict with inevitably catastrophic consequences for both countries. Golden State Warriors vs Minnesota Timberwolves - Sportskeeda In their three previous meetings this season, the Warriors won twice. READ MORE This year's AU could work to Morocco's advantage over Western Sahara. [29][28] The Algerian army also lacked trucks, aircraft, and jeeps. Then-Algerian President Abdelaziz Bouteflika attended the funeral of King Hassan II, who died on July 23, 1999, in Morocco as an attempt to mend the relations between the two Arab countries. The Algerian High-Security Council (HCS), an organ of consultation between the President of the Republic, the army, and the security services, declared on August 18, 2021, in a statement, that, the incessant hostile acts perpetrated by Morocco against Algeria required the revision of relations between the two countries and the intensification of security control at the Western borders. Foreign chancelleries in the two capitals of the central Maghreb, Rabat and Algiers, are insistently questioning the possibility of war between Algeria and Morocco, which some believe could break out in 2022. Indeed, shortly after Algerian independence, tensions between the two countries rose. In August 2021, Algeria's foreign minister, Ramdane Lamamra, announced that Algiers was severing . The rivalry between Morocco and Algeria exemplified in the Sand War also influenced Algeria's policy regarding the conflict in Western Sahara, with Algeria backing an independence-minded Sahrawi guerrilla organization, the Polisario Front, partly to curb Moroccan expansionism in the wake of the attempt to annex Tindouf. [31] On October 13, 1963, Moroccan ground units launched a major offensive on Tindouf. However, the war hypothesis seems to be ruled out, despite the alarms that have been raised, largely fuelled by the powerful international lobbies of the arms market. The opinions, facts and any media content in them are presented solely by the authors, and neither The Times of Israel nor its partners assume any responsibility for them. The protest ended with the burning of the Algerian flag. Discredited for its inability to deal with the Covid-19 pandemic as well as the fury of the fires ravaging Kabylia, Algeria has accused Morocco of complicity in these fires denounced as hostile acts.. President Abdelmadjid Tebboune accused Morocco of supporting the Kabyle pro-independence organization MAK (Mouvement pour lautodtermination de la Kabylie), classified since last May as a terrorist by the same HCS. And it does not help that Algiers embarked on an anything but brotherly arms race some 15 years ago that spurred Rabat to do the same, with Algeria buying up Russian-made military gear and Morocco turning to Western weapons suppliers. None of Algeria's traditional allies, neither on the African continent, nor in the Arab world, nor on a global scale, such as Russia, China, Cuba, South Africa, Syria or Palestine among them, have given their support to this rupture. [39] Finally, the accord suggested an immediate gathering of the Foreign Ministers of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). Dr. Mohamed Chtatou is a Professor of MENA region area studies at Universit Internationale de Rabat -UIR- and of Education at Universit Mohammed V in Rabat, as well. Look at Vietnam. This view is echoed by Sonja Hegasy who is convinced that "both countries don't have any interest in waging a war on this conflict, so the most realistic scenario is that the bilateral relations are going to continue to stagnate. On May 18, 2021, the government classified the pro-independence Movement for Self-Determination of Kabylia (MAK) as a terrorist organization after a meeting of the High-Security Council (HCS). The warlike contest, if it were to take place, would be limited to the use of navy, aviation or ground defence to attack the adversary's positions from a distance. AMD Software: Adrenalin Edition 23.4.3 Release Notes | AMD The Supreme Security Council in Algeria, headed by Tebboune, accused Morocco of continuing with its hostile acts and called for bilateral relations to be reviewed and security monitoring on the western borders to be tightened. Timeline: Algeria and Morocco's diplomatic disputes But before this last step, there are others through which Algeria or Morocco defends its vital interests. King Mohammed's son, King Hassan II, who succeeded him, made claims over Algerian territory. Although the Moroccan state did not interfere in the annexation of the Tuat region, several Moroccan tribes independently sent volunteers to fight against the French. Get full access to The Africa Report on all your devices. Nine African war veterans finally return to their home countries with the insurance to get their full pensions. o Neither country has a fifth column within the enemy. This was first seen in the territorial dispute that led to the confrontation between the Algerian army and the royal army in 1963 during the Sands War (1963-1964). During his visit to Morocco, Israeli foreign minister Yair Lapid expressed his countrys concern over Algerias role in the region and its great rapprochement with Iran. It doesn't have the capability to handle both at the same time," Gower said. [4] The Royal Moroccan Army soon crossed into Algeria in force and succeeded in taking the two border posts of Hassi-Beida and Tindjoub. Rabat turns to US and French suppliers, while Algiers sticks with Russian-made military goods. [36] Its forces included twenty-two T-34 tanks, eighteen 120-mm mortars, a battery of 57-mm recoilless rifles, anti-aircraft artillery with eighteen guns, and eighteen 122mm field guns with the crews to operate them. Referring to the speech of Ramtane Lamamra, the new head of Algerian diplomacy, at the same conference, he also said that Algeria should not deny this right to the Kabyle people while supporting the self-determination of the Sahrawis and Palestinians. Part of the Military Factory network of sites that includes, 2023 www.GlobalFirepower.com All Rights Reserved Content 2006-2023 (17yrs). The severance of diplomatic relations with Morocco announced on August 24, 2021, came against a backdrop of vulnerability for the Algerian regime, which has not stopped denouncing plots against Algeria since the Arab revolts of 2011. Morocco and Algeria: the never-ending cold war | Mohamed Chtatou | The [40] The attack was denounced and dramatized by the Moroccan Government. The two countries signed a two-phase border demarcation and good-neighbourliness treaty in 1969 and 1972 as a culmination of the end of the war and the border dispute. [14] Tuat owed religious[15] and tributary allegiance to the Sultans of Morocco, although it was separated from both Algeria and Morocco by a largely uninhabited desert. [37] While Castro had hoped to keep Cuba's intervention covert, and a number of the Cuban personnel wore Algerian uniforms, they were observed by French military and diplomatic staff in Oran and word of their presence soon leaked to the Western press. Morocco is more liberal and attached to Europe. Algeria also protested against a court ruling that sentenced the man accused of burning the flag to two months in prison. It is plain to see that neither Morocco nor Algeria want a full-blown conflict, as it would have disastrous consequences. Relations between the two North African states have been marred by several crises since their independence, particularly the 1963 Sand War, the . The desire to adopt the European model of trade and investment is a key factor in Moroccos development. The movement, led by the newly formed FLN, issued a leaflet stating that its aim was to restore a sovereign Algerian state. The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), created in 1976, is supported by Algiers, which even agrees to shelter its leaders and hundreds of thousands of Sahrawi refugees on its soil. Medgaz was the backup plan. However, in November 2020, following the reopening of the Guerguerat border crossing with Mauritania, occupied by Sahrawi troops, clashes broke out between the Sherifian kingdom and the Polisario Front, threatening the cease-fire put in place in 1991. - In order for bilateral military confrontation to occur, there are different patterns that have to be reached: o War is the ultimate instrument for the defence of the country's strategic interests, which include national security and the country's projection as an international actor. The land border closed between the two countries since 1994, and the ongoing diplomatic war on the Western Sahara issue has been added to the case of the call for independence of Kabylia in recent months and the spectacular rapprochement of Morocco with Israel. During the Cold War, Algeria was much less inclined to liberalism. [5], Moroccan forces had planned a second offensive on Tindouf and occupied positions about four kilometres from the settlement. The review of relations referred to in the HCS statement risks including restoration of travel visas between the two countries and a reduction in economic cooperation at a time when both markets need more opportunities. Relations between the Algerian Socialist Republic and the Sherifian Monarchy are far from stabilized, and one cannot avoid considering peace in this region of the Maghreb as a fragile truce that the slightest incident could call into question. Such an action can basically defuse the tension between Morocco and Algeria and make this movement bear the brunt of mounting aggressivity in the region. [32] The Algerians attacked the town of Ich on October 18, enlarging the war to the North. He has taught in the past some courses in universities in the USA, Spain, France, Italy, England and Greece. Leading up to the final days of Trump's period in the White House, the former president signed a decree officially acknowledging (by America) Morocco's claim that the disputed territory is a legitimate sovereign part of the kingdom. The day after Canal Algerie, the country's main public broadcaster, finally mentioned Morocco and displayed its red flag with green star after their quarterfinal win against Portugal, the director . The two countries signed an agreement to normalise relations and restore diplomatic ties following Saudi mediation. Algeria prepares for war with Morocco, panics due to Israel - report So far, Morocco has denied any involvement in the bombings that took place in the Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara near the border with Mauritania. Could the situation descend into a full-blown conflict? By Heloise Urvoy with AFP Updated: 29/04/2023 - 08:23. Algiers is seeking to reassert its weight in the region after several years of retreat that had left the way open for Rabats influence at the regional and international levels. Not a week goes by without a new report of an attack on Moroccos defensive wall. The Western Sahara conflict. The Sand War led to heightened tensions between the two countries for several decades. Omar Hilales comments immediately aroused the ire of the Algerian media and the Algerian political class, of all stripes, who defended in unison the territorial unity of the country and castigated the Moroccan willingness to annex Western Sahara by force. Backed by neighbouring Algeria, the Polisario waged a guerrilla war until the . In the case of UNFP, its leader, Mehdi Ben Barka, sided with Algeria, and was sentenced to death in absentia as a result. The killing of thethree drivers on a desert road is the latest peak in a series ofgrowing tensionsbetween the two Maghreb states that support opposite sides of the dispute over the Western Sahara territory, a former Spanish colony.

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